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Health Care > Universal Healthcare > Tax Increase
Repeal Bush's tax breaks to fund universal healthcare
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Background

The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (""JGTRRA"", Pub.L. 108-27, 117 Stat. 752), was passed by the United States Congress on May 23, 2003 and signed by President Bush on May 28, 2003.

Among other provisions, the act accelerated certain tax changes passed in the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, increased the exemption amount for the individual Alternative Minimum Tax, and lowered taxes of income from dividends and capital gains.

There was considerable controversy over who benefited from the tax cuts. Bush's supporters and proponents of lower taxes claimed that the tax cuts increased the pace of economic recovery and job creation. His opponents, for their part, charged that the cuts favored the wealthy and special interests. Supporters argued that the economy was already slowing down when Bush took office and that little of the economic downturn of 2002 was due to Bush's agendas when considering lag time in the effects of policy changes on the economy. Critics argued that the tax cuts disproportionately benefited the wealthy, although this was also controversial. The tax code remained progressive, although slightly less so, on a rate basis. Income became differentiated into greater categories (such as for ""qualified"" dividends compared to other dividends, and different types of capital gains), which increased complexity in the tax code.

The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the tax cuts would increase budget deficits by $60 billion in 2003 and by $340 billion by 2008. Supporters of the president argue that this analysis ignores the potential growth that the act could encourage. Supporters also argue that this would be further supported by analyzing the effect of the economic shock of the terrorist events of September 11, 2001. The terrorist fears, resulting reduction in travel and consumer expenditure, and increased security expenditures, they say, are a prime example of an economic cost shock, and they suggest that the recession of 2001 and 2002 would have been drastically worse had no attempts at promoting economic growth by reducing taxes been made, though there is no empirical evidence to support this claim (nor could there be). The lag between policy making and economic impact suggests the possibility to be remote.

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Universal healthcare results from a government mandated program to provide all citizens, and sometimes permanent residents, of a governmental region access to most types of health care regardless of ability to pay. Patients may pay for some portion of their care directly, but most care is subsidized by taxpayers and/or by compulsory insurance. The National Health Service (NHS), established in the United Kingdom in 1948, was the world's first universal health care system provided by government. Universal health care is provided in most developed countries and in many developing countries. The United States is the only industrialized nation that does not provide universal health care.

The government covers a little over one-quarter of the population through healthcare programs for the elderly (Medicare), disabled (Social Security), military service families and veterans (Tricare and VHA), children (SCHIP), and the poor (Medicare). Federal law ensures public access to emergency services regardless of ability to pay. However, this unfunded mandate has contributed to a health care safety net that some analyses say is increasingly strained. Certain types of medical spending and particularly health insurance benefit from significant tax subsidies; in particular, employer-sponsored health insurance is a non-taxable benefit.

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